_History

L'histoire de l'art et de la culture occidentale de 1200-1900

périodes de culture générale

Préhistoire : La Préhistoire est généralement définie comme la période comprise entre l’apparition de l’Humanité et l’apparition des premiers documents écrits.

Antiquité - développement de l'écriture fin : La déposition du dernier empereur romain d'Occident en 476 est un repère conventionnel pour l'Europe occidentale

• Grèce antique :

Époque classique : Période de la chronologie de l'histoire de la Grèce antique, située entre l'époque archaïque et l'époque hellénistique. Elle correspond à la majeure partie des ve et ive siècles av. J.-C., c'est-à-dire depuis la victoire athénienne de Salamine contre les Perses en -480 jusqu'à la mort d'Alexandre le Grand en -323. On désigne ainsi aujourd'hui la période durant laquelle les valeurs et les institutions fondamentales du monde grec trouvèrent leur pleine expression et arrivèrent à maturité.

Rome Antique : Rome antique est à la fois la ville de Rome et l'État qu'elle fonde dans l'Antiquité. L'idée de Rome antique est inséparable de celle de la culture latine. Ce regroupement de villages au viie siècle av. J.-C. parvint à dominer l'ensemble du monde méditerranéen et de l'Europe de l'Ouest du ier au ve siècle par la conquête militaire et par l'assimilation des élites locales, sa domination a laissé d'importantes traces archéologiques et de nombreux témoignages littéraires, et elle a façonné pour toujours l'image de la civilisation occidentale. Durant ces siècles, la civilisation romaine passe d'une monarchie à une république oligarchique puis à un empire autocratique.

Moyen Age -

1650-1798 Age of Enlightenment

Les périodes artistiques

Classical antiquity (Greek and Roman art) art médieval

• art byzantin : Byzantine art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Byzantine Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Tout comme l'Empire byzantin est le prolongement politique de l'Empire romain, l'art byzantin se développe à partir de l'art romain, lui-même profondément influencé par l'art grec antique. L'art byzantin a toujours conservé en mémoire cet héritage classique. La caractéristique la plus marquante de cette nouvelle esthétique est qu'elle est abstraite, non naturaliste. Si l'art classique est marqué par la tentative de créer des représentations de la réalité les plus fidèles possibles, l'art byzantin semble avoir renoncé à cette tentative en faveur d'une approche plus symbolique. Les thèmes principaux de l'art byzantin sont essentiellement le religieux et l'impérial : ils sont souvent associés, comme dans les portraits des empereurs byzantins qui décorent l'intérieur de l'église Sainte-Sophie. Ces thèmes dominants sont le résultat, en partie, de la piété et de la nature autocratique de la société byzantine et, en partie, du fait de sa structure économique : les richesses de l'Empire étant concentrées entre les mains de l'Église et de l'Empereur, ils avaient donc les moyens de mettre à exécution des commandes artistiques monumentales.

• art roman : influencé par l'art byzantin. Outside Romanesque architecture, the art of the period was characterised by a very vigorous style in both sculpture and painting. The latter continued to follow essentially Byzantine iconographic models for the most common subjects in churches, which remained Christ in Majesty, the Last Judgement and scenes from the Life of Christ. In illuminated manuscripts, where the most lavishly decorated manuscripts of the period were mostly bibles or psalters, more originality is seen, as new scenes needed to be depicted. The same applied to the capitals of columns, never more exciting than in this period, when they were often carved with complete scenes with several figures. The large wooden crucifix was a German innovation right at the start of the period, as were free-standing statues of the enthroned Madonna, but the high relief was above all the sculptural mode of the period. Colors, now remaining bright only in stained glass and well-preserved manuscripts, tended to be very striking, and mostly primary. It was in this period that stained glass became widely used, although survivals are sadly few. In an invention of the period, the tympanums of important church portals were carved with monumental schemes, often again Christ in Majesty or the Last Judgement, but treated with more freedom than painted versions, as there were no equivalent Byzantine models. Compositions usually had little depth, and needed to be flexible to squeeze themselves into the shapes of historiated initials, column capitals, and church typanums; the tension between a tightly enclosing frame, from which the composition sometimes escapes, is a recurrent theme in Romanesque art. Figures still often varied in size in relation to their importance, and landscape backgrounds, if attempted at all, were closer to abstract decorations than realism - as in the trees in the "Morgan Leaf". Portraiture hardly existed.

• art gothique (a divergé du style roman). Peinture pllus sombre et émotionnelle. Début de la peinture profane.

Pre-renaissance, trecento

1400-1479 Première renaissance, quattrocento The Quattrocento (14th century, early renaissance) is viewed as the transition from the Medieval period to the age of the Renaissance, principally in the cities of Rome, Florence, Milan, Venice and Naples.

Quattrocento art shed the decorative mosaics typically associated with Byzantine art along with the Christian and Gothic media of and styles in stained glass, frescoes, illuminated manuscripts and sculpture. Instead, Quattrocento artists and sculptors incorporated the more classic forms developed by Roman and Greek sculptors.

1475-1520 Renaissance, cinquecento

• Renaissance splits into mannerism (fancy) and baroque (counter-reformation)
• 1520-1580 Mannierisme or late renaissance
• mannerism uses distortion of light and space like El Greco 1580-1720 Baroque
• baroque uses detail, light, beauty & drama (caravaggio & velasquez) 1715+ Rococo commence avec la mort de Louis XIV. Watteau est important, Marie Antoinette est la reine du mouvement. 1765-1830 néoclassicisme (opposition à rococo) aimé la renaissance 1770-1848 romanticisme (réaction contre néoclassicisme) ????-???? academicisme, dominated by french academy, union of néoclassique & romantique 1800-1900 réalisme (voulait communiqué la pauvrété) 1870-1890 impressionnisme (1ère génération) 1890-1910 post-impressionnisem (2e génération)
• van gogh, gaugin, seurat, redon (les gens qui ne savent pas dessiner) Modernism 1860-1970 Modern Art 1945+ Contemporary Art (Postmodern art ended in 1980's) Postmodern Art Conceptual Art

Les dates des périodes artistiques

-800-0400 Classical antiquity (Greek and Roman art) 0200-1400 Medieval Art

• 1000-1200 Roman
• 1200-1430 Gothique 1400-1479 Early Renaissance 1475-1520 High Renaissance
• Renaissance splits into mannerism (fancy) and baroque (counter-reformation)
• 1520-1580 Mannierisme or late renaissance
• mannerism uses distortion of light and space like El Greco 1580-1720 Baroque
• baroque uses detail, light, beauty & drama (caravaggio & velasquez) 1715+ Rococo commence avec la mort de Louis XIV. Watteau est important, Marie Antoinette est la reine du mouvement. 1765-1830 néoclassicisme (opposition à rococo) aimé la renaissance 1770-1848 romanticisme (réaction contre néoclassicisme) ????-???? academicisme, dominated by french academy, union of néoclassique & romantique 1800-1900 réalisme (voulait communiqué la pauvrété) 1870-1890 impressionnisme (1ère génération) 1890-1910 post-impressionnisem (2e génération)
• van gogh, gaugin, seurat, redon (les gens qui ne savent pas dessiner) Modernism 1860-1970 Modern Art 1945+ Contemporary Art (Postmodern art ended in 1980's) Postmodern Art Conceptual Art

Expansion des périodes

-800-400 Classical antiquity : centered on mediterranean, begins with greek poetry of homer and ends with decline of roman empire.

400-1000 Medieval art : Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic heritage of the Roman Empire and the iconographic traditions of the early Christian church. These sources were mixed with the vigorous "Barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to produce a remarkable artistic legacy. Indeed the history of medieval art can be seen as the history of the interplay between the elements of classical, early Christian and "barbarian" art. 1400-1479 Early Renaissance 1475-1520 High Renaissance

• Renaissance splits into mannerism (fancy) and baroque (counter-reformation)
• 1520-1580 Mannierisme or late renaissance
• mannerism uses distortion of light and space like El Greco 1580-1720 Baroque
• baroque uses detail, light, beauty & drama (caravaggio & velasquez) 1715+ Rococo commence avec la mort de Louis XIV. Watteau est important, Marie Antoinette est la reine du mouvement. 1765-1830 néoclassicisme (opposition à rococo) aimé la renaissance 1770-1848 romanticisme (réaction contre néoclassicisme) ????-???? academicisme, dominated by french academy, union of néoclassique & romantique 1800-1900 réalisme (voulait communiqué la pauvrété) 1870-1890 impressionnisme (1ère génération) 1890-1910 post-impressionnisem (2e génération)
• van gogh, gaugin, seurat, redon (les gens qui ne savent pas dessiner) Modernism 1860-1970 Modern art: Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art. It is art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.[2] Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. In art Modernism explicitly rejects the ideology of realism,[2][3][4] and makes use of the works of the past, through the application of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody in new forms.[5][6][7] Modernism also rejects the lingering certainty of Enlightenment thinking, as well as the idea of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator.[8][9]

1960+ Conceptual art: art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called installations, of the artist Sol LeWitt may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions.[1] This method was fundamental to LeWitt's definition of Conceptual art, one of the first to appear in print. In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art.

Contemporary art art produced since World War II. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century, with the advent of Modern and Postmodern art forms, distinctions between what is generally regarded as the fine arts and the low arts have started to fade,[1] as contemporary high art continues to challenge these concepts by mixing with popular culture.[2]

Postmodern art is a term used to describe an art movement which was thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as Intermedia, Installation art, Conceptual Art and Multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern. There are several characteristics which define the term 'postmodern' in art; these include bricolage, the use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, performance art, the recycling of past styles and themes in a modern-day context, as well as the break-up of the barrier between fine and high arts and low art and popular culture.

Firenze, Pre-renaissance (trecento)

1240-1302 Cimabue 1266-1337 Giotto

Première renaissance (quattrocento)

1401-1428 Masacchio 1395-1455 Fra Angelico 1406-1469 Fra Filippo Lippi 1397-1475 Piero della Francesca 1431-1506 Andrea Montegna 1445-1510 Sandro Botticelli 1449-1494 Ghirlandaio 1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci

contexte historique

1452-1498 Savonarola 1348-1350 The Black Death (100 million dead) 1390ish The Canterbury Tales

Renaissance (cinquecento)

Rome, high renaissance I

1452-1519 Leonardo da Vinci 1475-1564 Michelangelo 1483-1520 Raphael d'Urbin 1486-1530 Andrea del Sarto (mort de la peste) 1446-1523 Pietro Perugino 1511-1574 Giorgio Vasari

contexte historique

1451-1506 Christopher Columbus 1483-1546 Martin Luther 1529 The sack of Rome 1505-1530 Typhus (hard to get details) 1473-1543 Nicolaus Copernicus (pologne)

1656-1657 plague

Venise, high renaissance II

1430-1510 Giovanni Bellini (check name) 1478-1510 Giorgione da Castelfranco (mort de la peste) 1477-1576 Titian 1513-1594 Tintoretto 1565-1609 Caravaggio

contexte historique

1630 la peste à Venise 1620 le Mayflower arrive à Massachusetts 1564-1616 Shakespeare 1630 Plague à Firenze 1564-1642 Galileo

d'autres pays

1471-1528 Albrecht Durer (allemand) 1577-1640 Rubens 1599-1660 Diego Velasquez (espagnol) 1606-1669 Rembrant van Rijn 1632-1675 Johannes Vermeer

Après

1700-1800 portraiture anglaise (pas de rococo/baroque en angleterre) 1748-1825 Jacques-Louis David (le terreur) 1757-1827 William Blake (visions) 1780-1867 Ingres (president of academie after David) 1837-1917 Carolus Duran 1856-1925 John Singer Sargent

contexte historique

1545-63 Council of trent 1546-1601 Tycho Brahe (Danemark) 1571-1630 Kepler (prénom & pays?) 1624-1691 George Fox (fondateur des Quakers) 1685-1750 Johannes Sebastian Bach 1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1769-1821 Napoléon Bonaparte 1776 révolution américaine 1789 révolution française 1770-1827 Ludvig von Beethoven